Through this programme, we will be the first globally to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of increased atmospheric CO2 on freshwater ecosystems. We suggest that freshwater is not only acidifying faster than the oceans, but is being ecologically restructured by CO2 increases. However, there is currently little awareness of the impact of atmospheric CO2 on freshwater. We know that the ocean surface is becoming more acidic because of atmospheric CO2 emissions. Data will be viewable through a verifiable national emissions dashboard. Together this proposal will identify and address the opportunities in our urban environments to achieve Aotearoa's commitment to reach carbon net-zero. We will produce emission maps of both fossil fuel derived carbon dioxide emissions and the land carbon exchange for all of Aotearoa's cities and towns using a consistent and robust approach, underpinned by real-world atmospheric greenhouse gas measurements and modelling. Initial data shows that land carbon exchange – release of carbon through respiration and removal of carbon through photosynthesis – can offset a significant fraction of emissions in Aotearoa's cities. We will determine how much carbon is taken up by Aotearoa's urban environments, and how development styles and management of urban parklands can enhance or reduce this carbon uptake. Urban planning and development choices can dramatically change emissions from transportation, built infrastructure, and the ability of the urban ecology to absorb carbon. We will develop granular emissions information going back in time, that allows us to provide the first real world assessment of how different development choices change emissions in the Aotearoa urban environment. In this way our land-based industries can continue to transition towards a profitable low-emissions future.Ībout half of Aotearoa's greenhouse gas emissions occur in cities and towns where people live and work. We will produce the highly detailed information on Aotearoa's urban greenhouse gas emissions that is needed to allow central and local government, iwi, urban planners, traffic planners and industry to better monitor their current emission sources, enable targeted mitigation strategies, and change policy to support low-emissions outcomes. We want to inspire entrepreneurs in the emerging proteins sector to become successful international suppliers of high-value plant-based food ingredients. Our aim is to support the arable crop processors of Aotearoa. The team also includes many industry partners, from plant breeders, growers and processors to ingredient-users and food manufacturers. We have gathered some of the brightest minds in process engineering, food science, sustainability evaluation, economic analysis and human nutrition. We will test at pilot scale how a new industry could operate by using exemplar crops known to grow well locally, like green peas, oats and hemp. Our research programme will design models of crop fractionation processes that incorporate eco-sensitivity, value chain dynamics and circular bioeconomy, while maximising ingredient techno-functionality and health benefits. New Zealand can participate in this opportunity by developing the science and technologies to produce unique highly functional plant foods. The next generation of plant-based foods will need to be prepared more sensibly with gentler handling of the inherently healthy raw materials and better guardianship of environmental impact. However, these are often highly refined and stripped of their whole-food benefits, have poor taste and texture, carry high sodium content, and can have hidden damage to essential amino acids. Consumers are increasingly looking to these plants to do much more – to meet a wider range of culinary and nutritional needs, and to help address global concerns around sustainable ecosystems and animal welfare.įood manufacturers have been quick to respond with many novel products. Crops grown on arable land are an abundant resource and already provide most of the calories in people’s diets.
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